Health And Safety Hazards For Sewage Treatment Plant Construction Essay

Health And Safety Hazards For Sewage Treatment Plant Construction Essay All tanks and chambers above the safe flood level and the highest flood level of the nearby rivers/drain and design to what flood return period. There any buried pipelines or cables under buildings within the treatment facility and it is clearly indicated on the layout drawings. The layout of temporary diversion and location of temporary treatment facilities. The location of the screening bins is a far from process plant but easily accessible and the basis of sizing the bins area is lorry loading? There are lifting devices provided and they are vehicle working load and they are found in open air before the uv process and can lift about 1500kg. 1.2 Access Road The facility is located not near to a public road to allow immediate access to the plant/facility The ingress and egress routes to and from the plant are suitable for desludging tankers The entrance and exit gate is not nearby the public road .Road access should be provided adjacent to the equipment or crane extended to the nearest road. If fixed crane beam extends over the road, there is the minimum vertical clearance shall be 5.5m. Adequate signage provided. Head clearance for tanker trucks entering the gate provided and the clearance height is none as there is no obstruction. Sufficient turning radius on the roads to enable access and maneuverability for tankers and heavy vehicles. Location of sludge desludging area is suitable for tankers to access and empty the sludge into the chamber. 1.3 Handrails/Guardrails and Access Ladders Safety handrails or grating been installed at walkways and around open holes at the plant. Toe plates and kick plates shall be fitted along the outer edges of all walkways or ladders and shall be part of the structure and not the floor panels. Toe plates shall extends 100mm above the top level of the floor panels. Floor panels shall be sized so that each panel does not weight more than 50 kg. Hand railing provided at all places where there is potential of falling around al tanks and other places where falling height is greater than 1.5m. Staircases provided where height is greater than 300 mm. Fixed ladder to access working areas for purposes of servicing, maintenance or normal operation works. 1.4 Precaution Against Damp All wall mounted equipment is fitted with spacers to provide minimum gap of 5 mm. All holes in equipment is sealed against the ingress of water. Any items exposed to weather or water shall be free of water traps and drain holes shall be provided where necessary. Electrical equipment which is not sealed against free movement of air is protected from condensation with anti-condensation heaters and thermostatically controlled. 1.5 Substation / Electricity Meter/ Lamp Post Location of electricity meter or the substation. There is adequate street lighting provided around the plant and the number of lamp post provided is 2 .All buildings and major process units at the treatment facility are lighted adequately. 1.6 Buffer Zone The following buffer zone requirements satisfied? 30 m minimum from fence to nearest habitable building property line within residential and commercial development 20 m minimum from the fence of treatment plant to the nearest property line within industrial development 10 m minimum from the fence of the treatment plant to the nearest habitable building property line if the proposed treatment plant is fully enclosed. 1.7 Effluent Discharge Point Where is the location of effluent discharge point for the facility and is it clearly indicated on the layout drawings with relation to existing receiving water bodies. 1.8 Water Supply If tankers and desludging activities take place, there is provision for stand pipes for cleaning purposes. the stand pipe is located and location for toilets for operators to change and clean themselves after work is found within the same building at the reception, near the laboratory room. 2.0 Screen Chamber (Fine And Coarse Screens) 2.1 Bar Screens Dewatering or perforated plate or trough, provided for ease of maintenance of the screens 2.2 Mechanically Raked Screens Automatic conveyor to transfer screenings to skips. Screen motor located above the high water level and access provided for maintenance. Provision of explosion proof floodlights. Provision of emergency stop button at a convenient and visible location .A working platform for ease of operations and maintenance. Provision of hand rail or guard (Refer to item 1.3) .Location of screening bins must be near the screen area. Bins provided should have adequate capacity and must be equipped with leachate collection tray and covers to prevent odour release. Bins should be provided with rollers. 2.3 General Provision of staircase access with sufficient width (Refer to item 1.3) .All screen chamber sumps to be fully open at the top for good ventilation. Inlet penstock provided to isolate the inlet works for maintenance purposes. All drive units shall be weatherproof 3.0 Pump Sump Emergency overflow pipe to by-pass the influent sewage during power failure (away from residents) and location of overflow pipe discharge. Provision of crane for maintenance purposes .Sufficient access to the pump station either from the top surface or via entry from the screen chamber .Is dry well provided with force ventilation and air outlet shall be located adjacent to pump motors to assist cooling .Lighting systems shall be interconnected with ventilation .Provision of handrails and MS grating (Refer to item 1.3). If the valve chamber is located in the sump, the opening of the valve chamber shall be enclosed with MS grating .Provision of working space or platform for ease of operation in both wet well and valve chamber .Dry well adequately lit and it should be weather proof, vapour proof and explosion proof. Miscellaneous Issue 4.0 Grit Chamber Provision of working platform along the grit channel. Provision of handrails or guardrail at exposed sumps or elevated working areas (Refer to item 1.3). Provision of grit storage bin or skip with rollers, perforated tray and covers . Easy access to the grit removal facility by dump trucks and sufficient maneuver space (Refer item 1.2). To provide a chute to remove the grit into the skips. To provide sufficiently big grit chamber for ease of maintenance. To provide a drain pipe to drain water into the pump sump to avoid ponding. Provide steps into the chamber (pump). Misc Issues 5.0 Grease Chamber Provision of working platform along the grease chamber .Provision of hopper to collect scum and grease. Provision of handrails or guardrail at exposed sumps or elevated working areas. (Refer to item 1.3) Provision of grease storage tank with rollers and with drain pipes and valves at the bottom of the tank for removal of settled solids .Easy access to the grease removal facility by dump trucks and sufficient maneuver space. (Refer to item 1.2) .Staircases must not be beneath the walkway (staircase need to be away from walkway) Miscellaneous Issue 6.0 Blower Room/Control Panel Or Room Provision of acoustic enclosures for blowers including acoustic door .Provision of exhaust fan with silencer to circulate air around the blower room. Toilet facilities to be isolated from the blower room due to heat and noise hazards. Provision of lifting davit for maintenance of the blowers. Provision of rotating strobe light at the control room to indicate malfunction of blower or other equipment.Provision of adequate space for blower removal or installation during maintenance. Water storage tank to be located in such a way that water will not splash on the control panels. Control panels in the Blower/Control Panel room is to be isolated from the blower room .Allow at least 900 mm access space even when cabinet doors and the like are open. Miscellaneous Issue 7.0 Balancing Tanks Sufficient walking or working space along the tanks .Provision of handrails or guards if the tanks are elevated. (Refer to item 1.1 on handrail and guard rail)Miscellaneous Issue 8.0 Primary / Secondary Clarifier 9.0 Biological Treatment System 10.0 Sludge Thickener Provision of adequate walking or working space .Provision of potable/clean water for regular cleaning of the overflow weir .Provision of force main type of pipe from the thickener to the sludge holding tank .Desludging pipe provided to be situated above ground All sludge holding tanks to be on sloped flooring 11.0 Sludge Holding Tank . Adequate access for desludging tanker. (Refer to item 1.2 on access road) Provision of desludging pipe (if the sludge holding tank is elevated) appropriately positioned. Sufficient walking or working space along the sludge holding tank. (Refer to item 1.3). Provision of handrails or guards if the sludge holding tank is elevated. (Refer to item 1.1 on handrail and guard rail) .Provision of desludging pipe either by force main or gravity flow. All sludge holding tanks to have isolating facilities. Each sludge holding tank to have separate feeding pipes with individual isolating valves. The top level of holding tanks to be approximately 6 inches above ground should the tank be below ground level. Overflow pipe from sludge holding tank to the aeration tank to be of sufficient diameter to prevent possibility of the pipe choking. Miscellaneous Issues The key components of the wastewater-treatment plant each play an important role in the treatment process. The bar screens, primary and secondary clarifiers, aeration basins, and disinfection and effluent pumping station all must be in proper working order. Damage to any one of these components could result in inadequately treated wastewater. Wastewater-treatment facilities plan for natural disasters, but protecting the plant from attack has not been a high priority. Many facilities now are considering ways to improve their security. Experts have identified the headworks, where the wastewater first enters through the collection system, as particularly vulnerable to attack. Restricting or blocking the flow of the wastewater into the facility could cause backups throughout the collection system, creating a public health hazard. In St Martin, the wastewater facility access road connecting it to a main highway. There is the concerned that access to and within the treatment plant could be blocked by hurricane or storm-tide conditions. There is a guard at the main entrance. Nonetheless, the property is still vulnerable to acts of nature and terrorism. The impediment of movement to and from St Martins property would cause major problems with both response and evacuation. The sewage system uses pumping stations when gravity is insufficient to move waste. One expert explained in the Andress report, One pumping station has the capacity to pump 25 thoun gallons of wastewater per day. Another expert added that, Destroying or disabling a pumping station could cause the collection system to overflow raw sewage into the streets, and into surface waters, and back up sewage into homes and businessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The remoteness and geographic distribution of pumping stations, and their lack of continuous surveillance, make them particularly vulnerable. With approximately 60 miles of sewer pipes and more than 2 pumping stations, St Martin vulnerabilities are spread throughout 14 municipalities. An overflow of raw sewage could threaten the health of humans, wildlife and the environment of Southern St Martin. According to GAO, wastewater facilities increasingly are using control systems, such as the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition network. These systems monitor and control operations from a central location. Misuse of the SCADA could cause too-high or too-low levels of chemicals to be introduced into the treatment process, reduction in biological treatment levels or the collection system to be shut down remotely. Many remote systems can still be worked manually but the personnel must be available when the time comes. In the case of the St Martin, the buildings on the property have a limited fire-protection infrastructure. The main control room in the operations building, with all the electrical equipment that controls the wastewater operations, is not even protected by a halon system. There are smoke detectors, but when activated, the alarm must be called in manually to 911 dispatcher Wastewater-treatment facilities present additional concerns to first responders. Regardless of the disinfecting agent used, there still will be hazardous materials on site. Laboratories also are likely to be on site, which should always raise a red flag. SARA Title III requires all hazardous materials to be inventoried on three separate forms. The forms, OCC-51A (small quantities), OCC-51B (small quantities in a laboratory) and OCC-51C (large quantities), must be filed with the locations fire and police departments. These forms also list the locations of each hazardous material and how many people work in that building. Additionally, Materials Safety Data Sheets for each chemical should be kept on site for use in the event of an emergency. As with any industrial facility, power is a concern to first responders. Wastewater-treatment facilities use electricity to collect and treat wastewater and discharge the clean effluent. There is a trend toward using alternative sources to generate this electricity. Methane gas produced during the anaerobic digester process can be used to generate part of the plants electricity. Methane gas adds to the list of hazardous materials and make for potential confined-space and high-angle rescues. Both scenarios present additional dangers that must be planned for during any risk analysis. All the wastewater operations are redundant, so the entire facility can continue to operate at a reduced capacity if part of the system breaks down or is in need of maintenance. Of its five primary clarifiers, six aerations basins and six secondary clarifiers, any number can be shut down temporarily as long as one of each is running. Problems would arise if an entire component were disabled and sewage were restricted or blocked the flow of wastewater through the facility. The clarifiers, aeration basins,, pumping stations and sewage pipes are all permit-required confined-spaces as defined by Occupational Safety and Health Administration. These areas create hazards to both employees and rescue workers. Wastewater-treatment facilities should have policies in place as guidelines for their employees to operate under when working in these areas. First responders are not responsible for the daily operations of a wastewater-treatment facility and have little or no control over how the utility is run. They are, however, tasked with responding to emergency incidents that arise in the course of their operations. Performing a risk analysis helps understand what types of emergencies they are likely to encounter and where those are likely to be. An incident at a wastewater-treatment facility is likely to involve multiple agencies. In addition to the fire department, personnel and resources from law enforcement agencies, environmental authorities and public health care facilities may be called on to work together. The likelihood of a successful outcome will be greater if there is communication and coordination between these entities beforehand. Information gathered from a risk analysis should be shared among those likely to be involved. Ultimately this information should lead to training drills and tabletop exercises. Wastewater Treatment Workers Wastewater treatment workers treat sewer and storm water to remove impurities and then release the water to rivers, oceans, or recycled irrigation and landscaping networks. Operators in waste water plants use mechanical equipment, treatment tanks, and chemicals to clean the water. This variety of processes can pose a mixture of hazards to workers. Because there is so much water involved in the treatment process, slips, trips, and falls are the main hazard for waste water treatment workers. Practice good housekeeping by sweeping up or squeegeeing water puddles. Mark areas that are prone to puddling. Fix leaks promptly. Use flooring surfaces that provide traction. Wear shoes that have a non-slip sole. Confined spaces are a serious concern at water treatment facilities. Exposures to a low oxygen environment or high levels of hydrogen sulfide, methane gas, or ammonia can cause serious illness or death. Survey the areas for explosion potential from flammable gas and water engulfment in times such as heavy rain and flooding. Survey the entire facility for areas with limited egress and other hazard potential. Use proper confined space procedures, personal protective equipment (PPE), and ambient air and personal monitoring to ensure your safety. Engulfment and/or drowning in treatment tanks are hazards at treatment plants. Put guard rails around all open water sources. Keep rescue equipment such as floats and hooks available near all tanks. If you will be doing work at height over an unguarded tank, consider fall protection gear and keep a coworker nearby to monitor you. When you lift grates over waterways and tanks for access, cordon off the area and place hazard warning signs to prevent accidental falls. Water treatment plants have pumps and valves for moving water and many moving parts such as screens, belt presses, and conveyors remove debris and move sludge. This equipment can cause caught/crush hazards if you place a hand, arm, or foot too near a moving part. Guard all moving machinery and watch for these hazards while you work. Operating this equipment in a wet environment requires maintenance and repair work, so use good work practices. Electrical safety is key when working in a wet environment, so work carefully. Also follow lockout/tagout procedures to guard against accidental equipment startup while you are working on it. Chemicals and biological hazards abound in water treatment. Use material safety data sheets (MSDS) to understand the properties, exposure limits, PPE, and emergency actions for your treatment chemicals. Good housekeeping controls odor and pests. Practice good hygiene by wearing gloves and washing your hands frequently. Decontaminate your clothing or change before you go home from work. Speak to your doctor and consider vaccination for some of the hazards that you may encounter. Waste water treatment can be a challenging work environment. Plants often operate continuously, so shift work and emergency work are common. Long work shifts wearing PPE can be tiring. To deal with the work load and job demands, get the rest you need and maintain your overall health. Outdoor work can expose you to cold, heat and the sun, so dress in comfortable layers and use sunscreen.

Explain How Motivation Can Affect Employees Commitment Commerce Essay

Explain How Motivation Can Affect Employees Commitment Commerce Essay The concept of motivation refers to a driving force within all individuals to attain or avoid some objectives (be the objectives tangible, money and goods or intangible; a person or relationship). Motivation is a psychological process that originates both within and also beyond an individual; it initiates work-related behaviour, and determines the form, direction, intensity and duration of employees behaviour. This essay provides an understanding of how managers can adopt different types of motivation theories in order to affect an employees commitment and performance at work. These motivation theories are categories into content theories (for instance, Hierarchy of needs, ERG-Model) and process theories (for instance, Equity theory, and expectancy theory). In addition, the essay explains how employees are intrinsically motivated and extrinsic and how pay affect commitment and performance. Managers must understand employees motives, as it affects the extent to which employees utilise their skills and ability at work. Motivation makes people try to achieve certain targets in order to satisfy a particular need or expectation. It affect and employees behaviour in a certain way and makes them make decisions to act in certain way and to continue with these actions until they satisfy their needs and expectations. Thus, a manager must adopt motivation theories in order to influence the behaviour and performance of employees. Once a manager satisfies the need of an employee production and commitment to the organization will increase. Abraham Maslow (1943) believed that is it human nature to want things. He claimed that what we want also depends on what we already have. According to Marlow, there is a five level hierarchy of needs; when an employee satisfies most of one need, he or she seeks to reach the next level. Beginning with the physiological need (such as hunger, sleep, sex) at bottom, a employees would move to the second stage; safety need (for instance shelter and security). Thirdly, love need; this involves an employee having a sense of belonging, (for instance, being a team member and sharing love). Fourth level consists of esteem needs, which are met by professional (or personal) achievement, recognition and respect. At the pick of the hierarchy is self-actualization needs; this is where employees realise their full potential. In striving, for achieving these needs, employees are motivated by those goals that are seen as attainable, and then eventually leading to self-actualization. Once at that level and employees performance will rise as well as show commitment to the organisation. Once a need is satisfied, it is no longer a motive. An employee striving for high level needs is unsatisfied. If an employee cannot achieve the next level of needs, their performance in the work place may suffer. If their needs cannot be met or have already been met, an individual may feel that they have nothing to work for and will therefore be unhappy in their job and want to change. Managers should provide tools and support to allow employees to reach the next level. Once at the top of the hierarchy (self actualisation), managers must promote and maintain psychological wellbeing at work. This increases an employees commitment to the organisation and allows them to utilise their skills effectively. However, Maslows hierarchy has been criticized for assuming motivation is hierarchical. Also, employees needs are so complex and different that motivation and job satisfaction may not be able to be generalised. Aderfer (1972) studied Maslows hierarchy of needs and created the ERG theory. This theory states that there are three core needs: Existence, Relatedness and Growth (ERG). He realised that some of Maslows hierarchy levels overlapped. He addressed this and reduced the hierarchy down to three levels. The first level, existence, is concerned with providing basic material existence motivators (physiological and physical safety needs). Relatedness is an employees need of interpersonal relationships, achieving group and team recognition. These align with Maslows social needs and the external component of Maslow esteem needs. Finally, growth needs relates to an employees intrinsic needs and personal development. This includes esteem and self-actualization. The ERG theory states that an employee is motivated by more than one need. The theory also addresses differences in culture and is an improvement of the Maslow theory. Also, the order in which needs are satisfied differs from individual to individual. A manager must understand that an employee has various needs to satisfy. If a manager solely concentrated on one need at a time, he or she is not able to effectively motivate an employee to commit to the organisation. Also the frustration-regression aspect of this theory has an effect on workplace motivation, meaning when an employees higher-order needs arent achieved, employees aim at lower-order needs which are easier to satisfy. For instance, if an employee is not provided with growth and advancement opportunities, they might address less important needs like socialization, if the environment permits it. When a manager realises this, steps can be taken in to fulfil these needs and encourage commitment and performance of the employee. In 2009 the Southeast airline was one of the most profitable airlines in the world. This was no accident, but phenomena of well-motivated employees. Managers used the key concepts of Aderfer motivation theory in order to develop and enforce company values. These values encompassed that employees come first and then customers and stockholder. Through this employee felt a sense of belonging (the Relatedness needs) which in turn increased an employees commitment and performance at work and lowered staff turnover for the Southeast airline company. Fredrick Herzbergs (1959) two factor theory, or motivation hygiene, builds on Maslows research on intrinsic motivation in the workplace. The first factor is hygiene or maintenance, the second one is motivators or growth. Based on his research, he concluded that there are some job conditions which dissatisfy employees, while other job conditions motivate and increase job satisfaction. Traditionally, managers saw the hygiene factors (extrinsic issues) as motivators for employees, but according to this theory these are potentially dissatisfying factors, as they dont really provide motivation for an employee, however the absence of these factors causes dissatisfaction with salary, working conditions and supervision. Motivation factors are intrinsic issues helping increase motivation and job satisfaction. To ensure commitment and performance of an employee, a manager ensures these factors are present as they affect the level of job satisfaction. These factors are achievement, responsibility and autonomy. Nevertheless, critics say it mainly relates to workers in unskilled jobs, or uninteresting, repetitive work. Maslows and Herzbergs theories are called content theories; a theory referring to what drives or pushes employees in relation to satisfaction and commitment to an organisation. There are also theories known as process theories that concern themselves with the process that involves motivation. This can be related to pay. Many employees are motivated by performance-based pay, an incentive linked to performance, acting as a motivator. These desires for tangible rewards are classified as extrinsic motivation factors. Many theorists think payment relates to performance. Graham and Sluckin (1954) and Opsal and Dunnette (1966) explained it is easy to find employees in an industry who value money highly, and when if people know salary is pay based, they will often work much harder. F.W Taylor (1991) also believed that those workers are solely motivated by monetary incentives, and they want to obtain the highest possible wage through working in the best and most efficient way. This approach is also known as the rational-economic concept of motivation. Some payment-performance theories are expectancy theory (Vroom, 1964), goal-setting theory (Lock and Latham, 1984, 1990). Vroom believed that individuals are motivated by the results of their action. To explain, he constructed a model with three variables: force, valence and expectancy. Force is the effort an individual uses to carry out a particular task. Valance is the attractiveness of the outcome and expectance is the employee expectation of the outcome. According to the theory, motivational force is a function of valence and expectancy (force=valence x Expectancy). The expectancy theory suggests individuals will adjust their behaviour only if the rewards are valued. However, unless rewards are perceived by individuals to be sufficiently attractive and worth the effort needed to achieve them, they will not act as a catalyst to encourage higher performance levels. The basis of goal-setting theory is that goals employees pursue are a significant factor in superior performance. For these to be motivators, the SMART principles (specific, measureable, agreed realists and timed) need to be applied. Lawler and Porters motivational model recognises individual abilities and role perception have to be taken into account in the wage/effort bargain. In 1998 a survey revolted that 40% of British companies used pay related performance system in their companies. Today, almost half of all British companies use this type of motivation. This can be especially seen in Global Banks such as Lloyds Bank TSB Group. Nevertheless Critics argue that pay is not the only source of motivation. Managers quote Herzberg view that the job in itself is a source of motivation. This is backed up with studies that reviled that pay is the fifth of their top ten motivations. Lawler (1968) gives an insight on job design and how it affects motivation. He argued that making jobs more challenging (job enrichment) and giving the individual more tasks (job enlargement) will increase an employees sense of accomplishment and achievement after a good performance. This will help satisfy their higher needs as described by Maslow. The correct job design for an individual will increase their satisfaction, in turn leading to motivation and significantly improved performance in the workplace. However, it is important to take individual differences into consideration as differences in motivation exist. The changes in the nature of jobs therefore vary in terms of how effective they are.For instance it is argued that the Japanese approached to job design contributed to the success of car manufacturing in the 1980s Certain types of motivation can also be described as intrinsic, where employees are motivated by a psychological reward, either by overcoming challenges or by individual achievement. Eton Mayo supports this idea of intrinsic Motivation. Through a series of studies at the Hawthorne plant, Mayo concluded that money was not the best way to motivate employees, and that group work and strong manager-team communication are better motivators. Taking this into account, businesses should re-organise or change production to encourage teamwork, and introduce personal departments to encourage greater manager involvement in employees interests. This would motive staff and improve individual and whole business performance. Individuals are also motivated by knowing that they are treated fairly at work. This treatment relates to salary, working conditions and promotion opportunities. This is the basis of Adams equity theory. This looks at how fairly people are treated in comparison to others. When people believe they are treated fairly, they consider different inputs and outcome. If an individual feels that they have not been treated fairly in the workplace, this has an adverse effect on motivation, their productivity is affected. If they think they are being treated fairly, this has positive effects on performance. Conclusion Recommendations for managers

self awareness in primates: Fact or Fiction Essay -- essays research p

Abstract The author focuses on determining whether primates are capable of self-awareness. An article is reviewed and evaluated encompassing different points of view and theories. Learned recognition and self-awareness is compared and discussed. Self-awareness in Primates: Fact or Fiction Learning is "a change in behavior due to experience" (Chance, 2003, p. 36). Learning allows an organism to modify its behavior to suit a particular situation. It is a mechanism by which one copes with the ever-changing environment. Anything an organism does that can be measured is behavior (Chance, 2003). Organisms change their behavior to fit environmental changes; this is a learning process, it provides a means to modify our physical environment for example, changing climate by controlling it, or cooking and chemically changing food. These acts are not due to heredity, they are a result of learning (Chance, 2003). It has been proven that chimpanzees and humans share 99.4 % of their DNA, making their genetic makeup very similar. Chimpanzees have large brains which are thought to be paired with higher intelligence since it has been proven that smaller brain sizes demonstrate lower intelligence (Schmid, 2003). Gordon Gallup (1979) sought to discover the answer to a question that Darwin would respond negatively to; do animals have a sense of self awareness? Darwin would say that we are fundamentally different from other animals. One assumption was that man was unique from other animals because of the use of tools. However, as noted by Gallup (1979) Jane Goodall discovered that chimpanzees used twigs as tools for reaching food that they could otherwise get to. Chance (2003) states "reinforcement is the procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that increases or maintain the strength of that behavior" (p.141). The chimpanzees had the novel thought of using a twig to reach ants that were inside a tree trunk. They strengthened or increased their behavior of using a twig to acquire food because this brought about positive consequences, i.e. food. As noted by Chance (2003) Thorndike compared operant learning to natural selection. Those behaviors that are useful survive, those t hat are not, die out. It has been proven that chimpanzees can grasp the basic idea of language. According to Rumbaugh (1995), recent studies show that apes... ...lphins may seek selves in mirror images. (indications of self-awareness in dolphins) (Brief article). Science News, 159(18). Retrieved July 27, 2004, from HighBeam Research database. Gallup, G.G. (1979, July-August). Self-awareness in primates. American Scientist, 67(5), 417-421. Retrieved July 26, 2004, from XanEdu database. Miensinompe, S. V. (1997). Animal's self awareness. Retrieved August 5, 2004, from http://www.strato.net/~crvny/sa03002.html Miller, N. (1998, February). The reflective self: A sociological perspective. Roeper Review, 20(3). Retrieved July 28, 2004, from HighBeam Research database. Pennisi, E. (1999, June). Primate abilities: are our primate cousins 'conscious'? Science, 284(5423), 2070-2073. Retrieved July 28, 2004, from HighBeam Research database. Rymbaugh, D. (1995, September). Primate language and cognition: Common ground. Social Research, 63(3). Retrieved July 25, 2004, from HighBeam Research database. Schmid, R. E. (2003, May). Researchers: Chimps closer to humans. AP Online. Retrieved July 28, 2004, from HighBeam Research database. Wynne, C. (1999, November). Do animals think? Psychology Today. Retrieved July 26, 2004, from HighBeam Research database

Chemistry- Collision Theory :: essays research papers

.Experiment for Chemistry Coursework For this investigation I am looking at how the concentration of acid can change the reaction and how I can explain this using collision theory. My Prediction: I predict that the greater amount of concentration the faster the reaction will take place. Therefore, particles in the two compounds will collide faster. Due to my prediction if it is correct, I expect to see the cross on the paper disappear faster. As I already know that increasing one quantity will speed up the reaction as the particles are more likely to collide. In this investigation several measures will need to be done to make sure that the results I get will be precise. From the planed method I can work out what will need to be done to achieve the best results possible. I will also need to think about what other factors may vary my results to someone else’s and how this could be improved. Equipment Needed:  · Beaker  · Test-tube  · Piece of paper with a cross on  · 25ml ² of Sodium Phiosulphate  · 5ml ² of Hydrochloric Acid Factors about the equipment that may affect the results: The amount of one particular quantity, or concentration of the acid. The type of acid that was used may either slow down or speed up the reaction. Also, another factor maybe that the time it take until I begin to start the stopwatch. To control the problem of affecting results I would have to swirl the mixture for e.g.: every 2 seconds. However, this would have to be done in every type of concentration and experiment. Diagram of method: Method: Draw a cross on a piece of paper and place a beaker on top of the paper. This is because once the cross disappears I know the reaction has completed as the compounds have now become one solution. Secondly, measure as accurately as possible 25ml ² of Sodium Phiosulphate and 5ml ² of Hydrochloric acid. Thirdly, pour the measured amount of Sodium Phiosulphate into the beaker and then add the Hydrochloric acid. Once this is added start the timer. Finally, once the cross has completely disappeared stop the clock and make a not of the time it took for the mixture to become one. NOTE: This procedure was produced with different concentrations. This was so that I could see whether the concentration had an affect on experiment’s time limit. Results: Before doing our experiment we saw a trail run on the computer known as:

International Failures Essays -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

International Failures Companies around the world are seeking to expand overseas, driven by many different reasons whether to lower labor costs, technological innovation or the almighty dollar. No matter what the reason, without the proper knowledge and financial funding the company will fail. There have been numerous companies that have experienced this first hand. If they would have noticed the warning signs they may have been able to salvage the company. Fast-food companies have been one of the fastest to globally expand. They also experience some of the hardest down falls. An often quoted example is the failure of Prague's first Pizza Hut which closed down because too many ingredients had to be imported in for the one existing restaurant. The added expense for importing ingredients made operating expenses too high. Fortunately, most fast-food chains are large enough to overcome closure to a couple stores. But what would happen if an entire country was rejecting the company. This is the problem that McDonald's is facing. McDonald's is one of most successful fast food chains with 29,000 stores in 119 countries and sales of 38.5 billion dollars. But now, with growth slowing worldwide, McDonald's will add just 1,400 new restaurants, the lowest numbers since 1994. International sales already represent 51% of the global sales. They arrived in Brazil in 1979; many of the franchisees had a strong business selling big macs. After many years of growth, from 175 restaurants in 1995 to 563 this year, Brazil is McDonald's eighth most important market worldwide(Smith 1). Their sales in Brazil went from 620 million Reais in 1995 to 1.3 billion last year. Until recently, the company was still planning to double its current number of restaurants here by 2003. Behind the lines of customers eager for a burger, the Brazilian franchisees are having a hard time financially. According to an estimate made by franchisees that are in judicial litigation against the fast food chain, around 80% of the 152 franchisees that own half of the stores in Brazil are having difficulty to make ends meet at the end of the month(McDonald's 1). Some decided to sell their business. Others decided to fight. The first main concern of the franchisees is the rapid growth of new stores. The expansion program that increased the fast food chain in the last two years is crea... ... can succeed globally if they know what they are doing and have the financial funding WORK CITIED AT&T, BT pull Concert plug. CNN Money. October 2001. http://money.cnn.com/2001/10/16/international/bt Capell, Kerry and Heidi Dawley. Commentary: How British Telecom blew it. Business Week Online. April 2001. http://www.businessweek.com Gomoloski, Barb. Going global: Some lessons from eToys and Yahoo that might help You. InfoWorld. February 2001. http://staging.infoworld.com McDonald's Problems in Brazil. 2000. http://mcdonalds-problems-in-brazil.com Monti, Joseph A. Taking the high road when going international. Business Horizons. July 2000. http://www.findarticles.com Smith, Tony. Brazil franchisees sue McDonald's. AP Business Writer. December 2001. http://www.washingtonpost.com Pappalardo, Denise. Sprints ION, AT&T-BT's Concert reach end of the line. Network World. October 2001. Weber, Joseph. AT&T-BT: A big Telecom deal up north. August 1999. Weintraub, Arlene. How eToys could have made it. Business Week Online. February 2001. http://businessweek.com Zwaig, Melvin and Michelle Pickett. Early warning signs. MSI Network. http://msi-network.com

 Tips for writing a “9” DBQ: Essay

1. As you read the question, come up with at least three categories. Then try to fill in as much specific factual information that you can think of, and put this into the categories. It’s important to do this BEFORE you read the documents, so that you don’t forget them when you are analyzing the documents. 2. After you do this, and ONLY after, start reading the documents. When looking at the documents, be sure to look at who is the author/painter/political cartoonist/historian – many times you will recognize that name and can give the document some context by what you know about the person, even if you have never seen the document before. Recognize that not all documents are equal in significance. 3. Sometimes the documents are intended to trigger reader memory – for example, a first hand account of a labor protest turned violent in 1896 means they want you to recognize that they are talking about the Haymarket Square Riot. 4. After you figure out what the document is saying, write it down in the appropriate category. If it supports your position, put a + next to it; if it is contrary to your position, put a – next to it. Be sure that you put the letter of the document (A, B, C, etc) when you write down the point the document is making, because this will make it MUCH easier when you are putting all of this information in essay form. If you go to the College Board AP US History Exam website, you can view released prompts and suggested document analysis. 5. Do not be afraid to use a point that contradicts your position. You are expected to acknowledge the complexities of history. Just show why it doesn’t defeat your position. For example, if your essay is about the impact of Reconstruction, and your position is that the U.S. government did not do much to help the freed slaves, you should not ignore the Freedmen’s Bureau. Rather, you should point out the inadequacies of the Freedmen’s Bureau – it didn’t last long enough, the majority of local Bureau agents were hampered in their efforts by former Confederates, and there was no military power to enforce the authority of the Bureau agents. 6. Now, and only now, write your thesis. The thesis should not exceed two sentences. State your position clearly in the first sentence. In your second sentence you can define a key term (progressivism, Robber Baron, Jacksonian Democracy – depends on the prompt) and include the categories that you used in your chart back in step #1. Be sure to write your categories into your thesis in the same order in which you are going to discuss them in your essay. For example: â€Å"From 1775 to 1830, many African Americans gained freedom from slavery, yet during the same period the institution of slavery expanded. Explain why BOTH of those changes took place. Analyze the ways that BOTH free African Americans and enslaved African Americans responded to the challenges confronting them.† (2009 DBQ question) Your thesis could be something like the following: African slaves and their American-born children were ignored by the Constitution (which, in its original form, referred to slaves as â€Å"other persons†), but the contradictory nature of the new American identity [described in this student’s introduction prior to the thesis, using details that indicated the student’s knowledge of the time period referenced in the question] both led to greater freedom and more widespread bondage. Slaves and freedmen alike suffered under, exploited, and coped with the aspects of an agrarian economy, capitalism, and Christianity in America. This thesis (this was from a sample answer that received a score of 8 out of 9) makes writing the essay easy. Every paragraph should have a topic sentence that states the category (see how this sample has three categories) you are talking about and your position on this category. Then include in the paragraph the points that you listed in your chart, and make it flow together, using both the documents and outside information. The last sentence in each paragraph is the clincher sentence that finishes off your thoughts on that one category and provides a transition into the next one. When you are finished, rephrase your thesis for the conclusion.

Justification By Faith

The subject of â€Å"Justification by Faith† is an argument, proposed by the Apostle Paul in Romans 1:17 where he starts by introducing God’s revelation to humankind concerning unrighteousness: That this was a God-given revelation in the beginning and throughout man’s history (faith to faith) within the â€Å"Gentile’s law of nature and the Jews law of Moses. However, Paul further exclaims, â€Å"that neither of them could be justified by their obedience to the respective laws under which they were, but that they both stood in need of the righteousness of God.† [1] As Paul is strictly a preacher of the Gospel of salvation through Christ Jesus, there is no doubt he had to find another style of presenting the Good News to factions in opposition to one another.His method of preaching in Romans catches the undivided attention of both the Jew and the Gentile Christian. Justification in the sight of God comes by faith in Christ Jesus alone, by which we c an also avoid the wrath of God that is consequential to the ungodliness and unrighteousness of men. Certain cults, like the Jehovah’s Witnesses seek gratification by including their works to implement salvation and only adhere to particular scripture verses to defend their position.They twist the interpretation of James 2:18, 20, and 26 by ignoring Ephesians 2:8-9, which is contrary to the analogy of faith and does not agree with the biblical map. Works are only what we offer out of thanks for the sacrifice Christ made for us but they search for every excuse and alternative possible and refuse abandon their false doctrine, which is a matter of their own â€Å"free choice†. In actuality, there is no â€Å"free choice† because not accepting Christ Jesus as our personal savior accounts as a sin, in the eyes of God. (John 5:26-29)â€Å"Justification† and â€Å"Faith† DefinedSince we are speaking of â€Å"Justification by Faith†, this is where it is appropriate to throw in the explanation of the two words, â€Å"justification† and â€Å"faith†.Let Us Define â€Å"Justification†According to Verlyn D. Verbrugge’s New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology†, the Greek word â€Å"justification† (dikaiÃ… sis), defines a vindication or an acquittal (p. 147), a dismissal of criminal charges. We can best explain â€Å"justification† by encountering someone having a traffic citation for speeding and that either he gets the infraction dismissed or he pays the fine. The driver may appear in court to dispute the citation but if found guilty the punishment for these charges remain impending. He is no longer guilty if the charges are dropped and they will be forgotten. If the fine remains and is not paid, penalty charges will be added and compounded until the driver pays the full amount incurred, is arrested, or is jailed and serves time as payment; or serves time and still pay s for the infraction.At this point, his license to drive can be suspended or revoked. The driver is no longer considered criminal once the fine is paid but this is where sin and the traffic citation divide. We cannot pay for our sin, our infractions against heaven. Our depravity is a spiritual matter that cannot be handled by physical means. Only a divine spiritual source can take care of both our spiritual, physical needs simultaneously, and that comes through blood sacrifice only. Christ Jesus, â€Å" In whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins, according to the riches of his grace;† (Eph. 1:7)Definition of â€Å"Faith†Now â€Å"faith† (πΠ¯ÃÆ'tÃŽ ¹Ãâ€š), as defined by Verbrugge, offers another method of having that traffic ticket expunged. It â€Å"denotes the trust that someone may place in other people or in the gods, credibility, and credit in business, guarantees, or something entrusted† (p. 462). Again, in this cas e it is Christ Jesus, because he paid every debt of man’s criminal activity. So here, we put our trust (â€Å"faith†) in Jesus to pay the penalty for our crime much like a father might pull out his credit card to pay for his child’s driving infringement; least the child ends up in jail for reoccurring and additional fees applied to that summons.What, or Who, is God’s RighteousnessIn Romans 1:17 we encounter the phrase â€Å"the righteousness of God†. This phrase does not necessarily refer to God’s uprightness, holiness, or purity, or His faithfulness in keeping His promises, nor the justice He will serve at the judgment but the means by which He provides salvation for humankind. Therefore, â€Å"the righteousness of God† refers to Christ Jesus for he obediently fulfilled all the prophecies of the Old Testament, which began in Genesis 3:15, and faithfully accomplished the Father’s promises.â€Å"And I will put enmity between yo u and the woman, and between your offspring and hers; he will crush your head, and you will strike his heel.† NIV Our faith in Christ Jesus, as our personal savior, justifies us in the sight of the Father because we testify to the pure, holy, and righteous blood that he shed to save us from sin, hell, the grave and eternal death. Here â€Å"the righteousness of God† and â€Å"the revelation of the wrath of God† compare to having a significant relationship.The Apostle Paul is actually teaching us that without receiving Christ and becoming a â€Å"son of God† (John 1:12) we remain criminals to the heavenly government of God and â€Å"the wrath of God†, which is eternal separation from the Father becomes the reward (in this case, punishment) for our unrighteousness. We cannot save ourselves and anything we claim good enough to make us free from sin and afford us â€Å"safe passage† into heaven is far and wide from what God sees as righteous (Isa iah 64:6). Besides, if man could provide his own salvation, there would not have been a need for Jesus to give his life at Calvary and his doing so would have been in vain. (Acts 4:12)Paul’s Theological TeachingsIn Romans 6:23, Paul teaches, â€Å"the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord† which means our salvation is a perfect salvation and could only be provided by God in the flesh (Emmanuel – God with us). We are saved from the stain of Adam’s disobedience in the garden, the murderous character of our tainted blood, the captivity of the enemy of God (Satan) and from eternal death, which is a result of all that  encompasses our sinful nature.All of this describes â€Å"the righteousness of God† but Paul goes one-step further when he turns to â€Å"the revelation of the wrath of God† in 1:18-32. In verse 19 Paul explains how the knowledge of right and wrong is revealed to man when he stat es, â€Å"Because that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them.† The knowledge of right and wrong, good and evil, righteousness and wickedness is made manifest within the heart of man even though â€Å"the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth† (Genesis 8:21). The Spirit of God in man (that is the remnant spirit of God in man) plants this innate knowledge, of good and evil, and no matter how we cut it, this is proof that God created man, for this is His trademark, benchmark or ISBN.By the knowledge of good and evil in man, the homosexual knows his or her lifestyle is an â€Å"abomination† (Leviticus 18:22; 20:13; Deuteronomy 22:5; 1 Corinthians 6:9) to God as well as the reason why the thief escapes being caught. (Exodus 20:15; Leviticus 19:11; Jeremiah 2:26) From this point, we can understand how both â€Å"the righteousness of God† and â€Å"the revelation of the wrath of God† are related to one another. Jesus Christ is God’s righteousness and provides the only payment to expunge our criminality against heaven. God has created in man (revealed in man) the inborn knowledge of the difference between sin and righteousness.Paul Refutes Jewish IdeologyPaul was a Pharisee within Judaism and understood all the ins-and-outs of their doctrine, which became a plus for Christians of his day and has become a major advantage for us today because it leads to the defense of Christianity against Judaism, as well as, other belief systems. In Judaism, â€Å"justification by faith† was national pride and was a form of idolatry because they idolized the fact they were Jews. They further believed that the sect with the most righteous form of living (by keeping the law), of all the Jewish communities (Scribes, Pharisees, Essenes, etc.), would enter into heaven. In this, they believed the gentile would not qualify for salvation, seeing the Jews were the only chosen nation of God an d possessed the Laws of God. They, the Jews, did not extend the blessing to other nations and held them as cursed of God, the products of eternal damnation. [2]However,  Paul refutes this ideology in Romans 10:1-13, bringing into reason â€Å"Since they did not know the righteousness of God and sought to establish their own, they did not submit to God's righteousness. Christ is the culmination of the law so that there may be righteousness for everyone who believes.† (Romans 10:3-4) Paul repeats this same doctrine to the Galatians, using different words: â€Å"Is the law then against the promises of God? God forbid: for if there had been a law given which could have given life, verily righteousness should have been by the law.† (Gal. 3:21) Reading deeper into these two statements, Paul is expressing that the attitude, of the Jews, was nothing more than legalistic prejudiced against other nationalities and cultures but Paul corrects this in the second sentence of Roman s 10:3-4, where he refers to the â€Å"culmination†.This â€Å"culmination† breaks down the barriers of selectivity and makes â€Å"faith† inclusive â€Å"for everyone who believes.† The use of the word â€Å"culmination† concludes that Christ has fulfilled every requirement needed to save humankind, which then makes everyone (Jew and Gentile, alike) with faith in Christ Jesus, an inclusive entity. â€Å"Justification by Faith† in Christ Jesus is â€Å"the only way, the only truth, and the only life. And No man comes to the Father but by him† (John 14:6) is what the Apostle Paul’s argument is all about. Paul leaves no doubt in the minds of Christians or the ungodly, unchurched peoples how salvation is attained. That it only comes through being â€Å"justified† through our â€Å"faith† in what Christ has done on the Cross of Calvary for all humankind.That he will return, looking to find a church without â€Å"spot or wrinkle† (Ephesians 5:27). â€Å"But without faith it is impossible to please him: for he that cometh to God must believe that he is, and that he is a rewarder of them that diligently seek him.† (Hebrews 11:6) We are â€Å"rewarded† the â€Å"justification† needed to become right in the sight of God. It is this writer’s opinion that Christ has already cleansed us of the â€Å"spot†, the sin we inherited from Adam’s disobedience when we accepted him as our personal savior but our â€Å"wrinkles†, our personal sins, still need ironing out. The final change will be â€Å"ironed out† on the day of rewards, the rapture because (as for now) we can only strive for the perfection but Christ will do the ultimate perfecting.God’s Wrath in Paul’s Concept of SalvationAccording to the â€Å"Evangelical Dictionary of Theology† by Baker House, there are six words to describe the emotions associated with God†™s wrath. â€Å"These terms, all of which express varied shades or degrees of wrath, anger, displeasure, or vexation, are the following: anph (to be angry); zaaph and derivatives (to be wroth, displeased, sad); hemah (indignation, anger, wrath); kaas (to be angry, wrathful, indignant, vexed, grieved); ebrah (rage, wrath); qasaph (to be displeased, angry, wroth); saneh (to hate). In the New Testament, there are more than twenty references to the anger, wrath, or vengeance (orge) of God and a few references to indignation and displeasure (achthos).† [3]Although there may appear to be varying degrees of God’s wrath, I must go along with Paul’s theology that â€Å"If you’ve committed one sin, you’ve committed them all.† Let us return to Romans 6:23, â€Å"For the wages of sin is death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  All sin leads to death and eternal condemnation. There is no leeway for what the secular world may deem, i.e., â€Å"a little white lie†; a lie is a lie and holds no degree of sensitivity in God’s righteousness. Nevertheless, salvation is explained by Paul in Romans 5:18, â€Å"Therefore as by the offence of one judgment came upon all men to condemnation; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life.† That gift is Christ Jesus as the apostle previously proclaimed, â€Å"For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: Not of works, lest any man should boast.† (Ephesians 2:8, 9)A Door with Two SidesDr. Elmer Towns, in his book â€Å"Core Christianity†, compares â€Å"conversion to a door with two sides.† â€Å"Human activity is on one side of the door, while God’s activity is on the other side.† When we convert to Christianity, we are pushing on the door to heaven and God, on the other side, regenerates us into new life. We are then born again and the world, God, sin, and ourselve s appear to us in a different and opposing light of understanding. [4] If we are â€Å"pushing on heaven’s door† then we have accepted Jesus because he states, â€Å"I am the door: by me if any man enter in, he shall be saved, and shall go in and out, and find pasture.† In the case of the  Apostle Paul, however, I interpret it as God opened the door and dragged him inside. His encounter with Jesus Christ made a life changing impact that not only altered Paul’s way of thinking and his mission but also rearranged the course of human and church history.He, Paul, admittedly states this in Romans 1:1, â€Å"Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, separated unto the gospel of God†. He was definitely â€Å"called and separated†, made a â€Å"prisoner† (Ephesians 3:1; 4:1) of Christ Jesus in a fashion that no other apostle had experienced. The reason I have used the verb â€Å"had† is because there were only thirtee n apostles; the thirteenth being Paul, replacing the rebellious Judas. By biblical standards, an apostle is a person who was a Jew, had seen Jesus face-to-face, planted churches, and had authority over the church, in various regions. There are people today, using the title â€Å"apostle† unjustifiably because they do not fit all the requirements but may have an â€Å"apostolic anointing†. Therefore, if they are given a title, perhaps it should be â€Å"anointed one† and not â€Å"apostle†.Paul on FaithPaul has written many epistles, containing verses, about â€Å"faith†. â€Å"Now faith is the substance of things hoped for†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Heb. 11:1); â€Å"But without faith it is impossible to please him:† (Heb. 11:6). These are just a few examples, outside of the letter to the Romans, in which Paul speaks on â€Å"justification†. â€Å"Is the law then against the promises of God? God forbid: for if there had been a law given which c ould have given life, verily righteousness should have been by the law.† (Gal. 3:21) This was also another argument against the Jews, concerning their belief in salvation by the law.ConclusionI praise God for giving us the Apostle Paul, for through him we have an in depth analysis of what â€Å"justification by faith† truly is, as long as we stick to verifying scripture with scripture and not take it upon ourselves to explain these things out of selfishness and ignorance. As I have tried to prove, there is no contention between Paul’s writings on faith and that of the Apostle James because James is not purporting that salvation comes by works. We must all come to the understanding that good deeds are what we do as a gesture of good will and appreciation for the blood sacrifice that Jesus Christ made to save us from sin, death, the grave and the eternal tortures of hell. The Apostle Paul also teaches, in 2 Timothy 4:3, that â€Å"†¦the time will come when th ey will not endure sound doctrine; but after their own lusts shall they heap to themselves teachers, having itching ears;†The time is here and now because we find these false doctrines just about everywhere we turn. Paul charges us to, â€Å"Preach the word; be instant in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort with all longsuffering and doctrine.† (2 Timothy 4:2) We must also consider that, â€Å"whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved. How then shall they call on him in whom they have not believed? and how shall they believe in him of whom they have not heard? and how shall they hear without a preacher? And how shall they preach, except they be sent? as it is written, How beautiful are the feet of them that preach the gospel of peace, and bring glad tidings of good things!† (Romans 10:13-15)Paul teaches, in this verse, that it is our obligation to correct those who have not received the true doctrine of Christ. This charge is an ext ension to the Great Commission. Just as well as there are those who have not the gospel, there are those that have not the true gospel. The apostle further warns, â€Å"Whosoever transgresseth, and abideth not in the doctrine of Christ, hath not God. He that abideth in the doctrine of Christ, he hath both the Father and the Son. If there come any unto you, and bring not this doctrine, receive him not into your house, neither bid him God speed: For he that biddeth him God speed is partaker of his evil deeds.† (2 John 1:9-11)